Contents
1. GENESIS OF
FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION
1.1 ORIGINS
1.2 COINCIDENCES
1.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISMS
1.4 APPLICABILITY AND PERFORMANCE
REFERENCES
2. GENERAL THEORY OF
FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION
2.1 SEPARATION PROCESS AND DRIVING FIELD FORCES
2.2 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
2.3 THEORY OF SEPARATION
2.3.1 Overall Spatial Transport
2.3.2 Steady-State Concentration Distributions
2.3.2.1 Polarization mechanism
2.3.2.2 Focusing mechanism
2.3.2.3 Steric exclusion mechanism
2.3.3 Hydrodynamic Nonuniformity of Flow
2.3.4 Coupling of the Field and Flow and Selective Transport of the Zones
2.3.5 Retention
2.3.5.1 Retention ratio in polarization FFF
2.3.5.2 Retention ratio in focusing FFF
2.3.5.3 Retention ratio in steric FFF
2.4 THEORY OF ZONE DISPERSION
2.4.1 Efficiency
2.4.2 Relaxation
REFERENCES
3. MICROTHERMAL
FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION
3.1 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF MINIATURIZATION
3.1.1 Efficiency
3.1.2 Optimal Experimental Variables
3.1.3 Effects of Channel Width and Temperature Drop
3.1.3 Resolution
3.2 EXPERIMENTAL ASPECTS OF MINIATURIZATION
3.2.1 Micro-TFFF Apparatus
3.2.1.1 Solvent delivery system
3.2.1.2 Sample introduction system
3.2.1.3 Elution volume measurement
3.2.1.4 Detectors
3.2.1.5 Other equipment
3.2.2 Channel Design and Construction
3.2.3 Extra-channel Elements and Zone Dispersion
3.2.4 Effect of Relaxation During the Transient Period
3.2.5 Steric Exclusion and Transition to Focusing Mechanism
3.2.5.1 Steric Exclusion Mechanism and
the Width of the Channel
3.2.5.2 Transition to Focusing Mechanism
REFERENCES
4. DRIVING FORCES
AND COMPETING MECHANISMS
4.1 PRIMARY MECHANISMS AND SECONDARY EFFECTS
4.2 POLARIZATION MECHANISM
4.2.1 Thermophoresis
4.2.2 Gravitational Force
4.2.3 Frictional Drag and Adsorption on
the Accumulation Wall
4.2.4 Attractive
Interactions Between Retained Species
4.2.5 Repulsive Interactions
Between Retained Species
4.2.6 Lift Force
4.3 FOCUSING MECHANISM
4.3.1 Isoperichoric and Osmotic Pressure Gradient Focusing
4.3.2 Is the Isopycnic or Isoperichoric Focusing Actually Isopycnic or
Isoperichoric?
4.3.3 Can the Focused Zone Be Rigorously Described as Gaussian?
4.3.4 Theories and Experiments
4.4 INTERVENTION OF LIFT FORCES
4.5 INCREASE OF RESOLUTION DUE TO THE FLOW IN THE FOCUSING MECHANISM
4.6 CONCENTRATION EFFECTS
4.7 HIGH-SPEED, HIGH-RESOLUTION MICRO-TFFF
REFERENCES
5. ANALYTICAL
METHODOLOGY
5.1 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
5.1.1 Thermal Diffusion of Macromolecules
5.1.2 Thermal Diffusion of Particles
5.2 DATA ANALYSIS
5.2.1 Molar Mass and Particle Size Distributions
5.2.2 Average Molar Masses, Particle Sizes, and Polydispersities
5.2.3 Correction for Zone Dispersion
5.2.4 Conversions of Raw Experimental Data
5.3 ACCURACY, PRECISION, REPEATABILITY, AND REPRODUCIBILITY
5.4 COMPARISON OF MICRO-TFF WITH OTHER METHODS
5.5 METHODOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
5.5.1 Combination of Micro-TFFF and Frontal TFFF
5.5.1.1 Effect of concentration
5.5.1.2 Effect of temperature drop
5.5.1.3 Effect of stop-flow procedure
5.5.1.4 Frontal TFFF of UHMM polymer sample
5.5.2 Determination of the Sign of the Soret Coefficient
5.5.2.1 Horizontally and vertically positioned channels
5.5.2.2 Hydrodynamic splitting at the channel outlet
5.5.3 Optimization of Experiments
5.5.3.1 Optimimization of temperature drop
5.5.3.2 Effect of temperature of the accumulation wall
5.5.3.3 Optimized injection stop-flow procedure
5.6 GENERAL APPLICATIONS
REFERENCES
Symbols and Abbreivations
Index