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Capillary Electrochromatography and
Pressurized Flow |
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Ira S. Krull, Robert L. Stevenson, and Kavita Mistry, with Michael E. Swartz |
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$79.95 |
May 2000 |
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缯span> Preface
Capillary electrochromatography
(CEC) has become an area of intense interest, attention, research, and
commercial development all around the world. Although CEC has been described in
the open literature for almost three decades, its flowering in terms of
publications, presentations, reviews, and dedicated meetings is much more
recent, perhaps less than one decade.
This book begins by
describing the basic operations and principles of CEC, as well as pressurized
flow variations, such as pressurized CEC (PEC) and electro-high-performance
liquid chromatography (electro-HPLC). We describe the basic instrumentation,
principles of operations, basic equations of operation, history, and making of
suitable capillaries for conventional, isocratic, or gradient CEC. The problems
remaining and opportunities for improving capillary packing technologies are
discussed, as well as the proper selection of packings (packed beds vs.
monolithic or polymeric). We next present an in-depth discussion of the
selection of mobile phases for CEC; how these affect electroosmotic flow; and
how the proper buffer, organic solvents, pH, ionic strength, and other buffer
components can all affect the total elution time, migration time, dead volume,
and overall analysis time. Chapter 4 emphasizes the instrumentation prevalent
today in CEC, what commercial sources exist, how conventional capillary
electrophoresis (CE) instrumentation can be adapted for CEC/PEC or
electro-HPLC, how buffer and capillary pressurization can be utilized (and why
they should be), and the major detectors commonly used in CEC today.
The next two chapters
discuss different areas of application where CEC has been pursued, optimized,
and even applied to real-world samples. Chapter 5 describes applications for
small molecules, especially pharmaceuticals, chiral resolution, amino acids,
and so forth. Chapter 6 covers applications for biopolymers, including
proteins, peptides, nucleosides, carbohydrates, and related compounds.
Chapters 7 covers areas of
method transfer from HPLC to CEC or PEC, and the best approaches possible for
so doing, with recommendations for use of commercial software. Chapter 8 covers
the area of method development and optimization in CEC/PEC, how to approach
such an optimization and know when optimization is reached, and the best
approaches to optimize a new method in this format.
Finally, Chapter 9
discusses possible future developments in CEC; what is expected to next occur
in its evolution, what improvements in capillary technology, detectors, and
packings are yet needed; and related areas, including novel applications not
yet explored. We conclude with an overview of where this technique has come
from, where it is today, and where it might be tomorrow, if it continues to
develop in a positive manner and direction. We also provide some warnings for
those analysts who might wish to investigate and apply CEC/PEC to their own
unique applications areas, and how they might garner more success than
otherwise, depending on the particular approaches they take.
The book does not attempt
to describe method development based solely on the structures of analytes but
rather utilizes adaptation of existing HPLC or CEC conditions and methods for a
given analyte or its related compounds. Thus, we do not discuss CEC method
development by working strictly from a given analyteⳠstructure, selecting the
specific packing and mobile phase conditions, and so forth. We have purposely
chosen to start with the literature describing existing CEC or HPLC methods for
a particular structure or group of compounds, modify and optimize these
conditions as needed for a particular analyteⳠstructure and/or sample matrix,
and then proceed with method validation of the final, optimized set of CEC
conditions and separations realized.
缯span> Contents | 缯span> About the Authors